The covid-19 virus is a severe and contagious viral infection that appeared in Wuhan, China in late December 2019 and spread rapidly around the world. Despite numerous studies on the new virus, its origins remain unclear. Determining the exact source of this virus can be helpful in finding solutions to control this virus and similar viruses in the future.

The KhoyPlain is located in the north of West Azarbaijan province, northwest of Iran. The study area has a cold and arid climate with the annual mean precipitation of about 344 mm. The purpose of this study is evaluating of hydro chemical properties of groundwater and determination of arsenic contamination at this plain. According to the hydro chemical analysis of 36 collected groundwater samples, in some zones of the area, arsenic contamination is exceed the world health organization (WHO) standard for drinking water. The arsenic concentrations of the water samples were increased in the east and southeast part of the study area. Based on the cluster analysis, the samples were posed in three clusters. Each of the clusters divided into subgroups based on heavy metals contain such as arsenic and iron. There is a positive correlation relationship between arsenic and iron, copper, sodium, chlorine, sulfate and EC. The high correlation of arsenic with iron and copper show the high impact of oxides and hydroxides of these elements in absorbing and accompanying in the sediments and consequently in the groundwater. The most saturation indices of arsenic were for FeAsO4:2H2O and Ca3 (AsO4)2:4H2O compounds, showing that change of saturation indices for these two compounds is similar and increasing from recharge to discharge area. Based on factor analysis method, three main effective factors were distinguished on hydrochemistry of the study area. In the first factor, chlorine, sodium, potassium, arsenic, copper, iron and electrical conductivity are effective elements, which have geogenic origin. Consequently, the origin of arsenic can be geogenicthatis related to geological factors, rocks and sediments that come from alteration of geological formations. Therefore, dissolution of minerals from the Miocene deposits such as marl, shale, sandstone and red conglomerate and the Pliocene conglomerate, and interbedded marl and sandstone are the effective sources of arsenic in the aquifer.

As a part of Takab Metamorphic Complex (TMC), Belqeis Mountain has a variety of metamorphic rocks including orthogneiss, pelitic schists, meta-ultramafics and mafic rocks and dolomitic marbles. This complex was metamorphosed, faulted and folded during Late Neoproterozoic-Early Cambrian Pan-African orogeny and invaded by granitoid pertinent to the subduction of the Neo-Tethys oceanic crust beneath the Iranian crust during Tertiary. Geochemically, the protolith of orthogneiss of Belqeis Mountain is high K and has calc-alkaline affinity and both fractional crystallization and magma mixing have been incorporated significantly to produce the protolith of them. The pattern of trace elements normalized to chondrite and primitive mantle points to enrichment in LILE and LREE, depletion of HFSE and HREE and shows negative anomalies in Eu, Ba, Nb, Sr, Ti and P. Depletion in HFSE was accompanied with enrichment of LILEs and LREEs indicating the generation of protolith in subduction setting related to active continental margins. Tectonic discrimination diagrams suggest a combination of volcanic arc and continental collision settings for the studied samples. There are many evidence including La/Nb>1 and relatively high values of several ratios such as Zr/Nb (14. 7), Th/Nb (1. 5), Ba/Nb (58), La/Nb (3), Ti/Zr (14. 9), Nb/Ce (0. 24) and (La/Sm)n (3. 76), close to crust values, confirming that mantle was not incorporated solely but both crust and mantle sources were contributed in origin of these rocks. All aforementioned points in addition to occurrence of paleo-suture zone and ophiolitic rocks (i. e. serpentinites, meta-mafic and meta-ultramafic rocks) around these medium to high grade metamorphic rocks confirm that subduction of an oceanic lithosphere followed by collision in the study area.

Purpose: Riboswitches, as noncoding RNA sequences, control gene expression through direct ligand binding. Sporadic reports on the structural relation of riboswitches with ribosomal RNAs (rRNA), raises an interest in possible similarity between riboswitches and rRNAs evolutionary origins. Since aminoglycoside antibiotics affect microbial cells through binding to functional sites of the bacterial rRNA, finding any conformational and functional relation between riboswitches/rRNAs is utmost important in both of medicinal and basic research.Methods: Analysis of the riboswitches structures were carried out using bioinformatics and computational tools. The possible functional similarity of riboswitches with rRNAs was evaluated based on the affinity of paromomycin antibiotic (targeting "A site" of 16S rRNA) to riboswitches via docking method.Results: There was high structural similarity between riboswitches and rRNAs, but not any particular sequence based similarity between them was found. The building blocks including "hairpin loop containing UUU", "peptidyl transferase center conserved hairpin A loop", "helix 45" and "S2 (G8) hairpin" as high identical rRNA motifs were detected in all kinds of riboswitches. Surprisingly, binding energies of paromomycin with different riboswitches are considerably better than the binding energy of paromomycin with "16S rRNA A site". Therefore the high affinity of paromomycin to bind riboswitches in comparison with rRNA "A site" suggests a new insight about riboswitches as possible targets for aminoglycoside antibiotics.Conclusion: These findings are considered as a possible supporting evidence for evolutionary origin of riboswitches/rRNAs and also their role in the exertion of antibiotics effects to design new drugs based on the concomitant effects via rRNA/riboswitches.

Lack of adequate information regarding genotypic diversity within populations of plant pathogenic fungi is one of the most critical factors limiting breeding programs. During the growing seasons of 2003-2004, twenty two Fusarium solani isolates, the casual agent of wilting and dry rot of potato were obtained from fields and storages of Razavi and Northern Khorasan provinces. The pathogen city tests were carried out by soil-infestation, root-dipping, injection of spore suspension into tubers and tuber inoculation with a piece of media covered with mycelia on susceptible cultivar, Agria. In order to study the variation of the rDAN gene cluster, PCR-ribotyping was done on 22 isolates of Razavi and Northern Khorasan provinces and six isolates of Tehran, Hamadan and Ardabil provinces. Also the amplification of ITS-rDNA was subjected to digest by EcoRI and ReaIII enzymes. The results revealed that dry rot occurred by all isolates, soft rot by 28% and wilting symptoms by 76% of the total 22 isolates used in this experiment. The amplification of rDNA-ITS divided all isolates into ITS1 and ITS2 types. ReaIII showed the polymorphism in number and length of digested fragments better than EcoRI. In this study, there was no obvious evidence of any correlation between geographical origion, pathogenicity and ITS types of isolates.

This article's main effort is targeted towards determining the discussion's location within the secularization literature so that to clarify its path versus those paths as reflected in scattered thoughts, efforts, and other preoccupations in this area. The act of examinig the iranian secularization, as a Probable process, requires three steps to be taken:1. To have a rather clear picture as to the context of occurrence.2. To have a clear and distinct definition of such a phenomenon.3. To critically investigate the current ideas expressed about the Iranian seculariza tion.The model presented here on the Iranian secularization, constitutes this paper's main claimand it is in fact its final product which includes suggestions as to:A. Factors influencing this process of secularization at four levels of: macro, middle, micro, and religion per se.B. The detailed indices for each of the above.C. The path and process of their occurrence.